Battle of Taranto in World War II

The Battle of Taranto was fought the night of November 11/12, 1940 and was part of the Mediterranean Campaign of World War II (1939-1945). In 1940, British forces began battling the Italians in North Africa. While the Italians were easily able to supply their troops, the logistical situation for the British proved more difficult as their ships had to traverse almost the entire Mediterranean. Early in the campaign, the British were able to control the sea lanes, however by mid-1940 the tables were beginning to turn, with the Italians outnumbering them in every class of ship except aircraft carriers. Though they possessed superior strength, the Italian Regia Marina was unwilling to fight, preferring to follow a strategy of preserving a fleet in being. Concerned that Italian naval strength be reduced before the Germans could aid their ally, Prime Minister Winston Churchill issued orders that action be taken on the issue. Planning for this type of eventuality had begun as early as 1938, during the Munich Crisis, when Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, directed his staff to examine options for attacking the Italian base at Taranto. During this time, Captain Lumley Lyster of the carrier HMS Glorious proposed using its aircraft to mount a nighttime strike. Convinced by Lyster, Pound ordered training to commence, but the resolution of the crisis led to the operation being shelved.   Upon departing the Mediterranean Fleet, Pound advised his replacement, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, of the proposed plan, then known as Operation Judgement. The plan was reactivated in September 1940, when its principal author, Lyster, now a rear admiral, joined Cunninghams fleet with the new carrier HMS Illustrious.  Cunningham and Lyster refined the plan and planned to move forward with Operation Judgement on October 21, Trafalgar Day, with aircraft from HMS Illustrious and HMS Eagle. The British Plan The composition of the strike force was later changed following fire damage to Illustrious and action damage to Eagle. While Eagle was being repaired, it was decided to press on with the attack using only Illustrious. Several of Eagles aircraft were transferred to augment Illustrious air group and the carrier sailed on November 6. Commanding the task force, Lysters squadron included Illustrious, the heavy cruisers HMS Berwick and HMS York, the light cruisers HMS Gloucester and HMS Glasgow, and the destroyers HMS Hyperion, HMS Ilex, HMS Hasty, and HMS Havelock.    Preparations In the days before the attack, the Royal Air Forces No. 431 General Reconnaissance Flight conducted several reconnaissance flights from Malta to confirm the presence of the Italian fleet at Taranto. Photographs from these flights indicated changes to the bases defenses, such as the deployment of barrage balloons, and Lyster ordered the necessary alterations to the strike plan. The situation at Taranto was confirmed on the night of November 11, by an overflight by a Short Sunderland flying boat. Spotted by the Italians, this aircraft alerted their defenses, however as they lacked radar they were unaware of the impending attack. At Taranto, the base was defended by 101 anti-aircraft guns and around 27 barrage balloons. Additional balloons had been placed but had been lost due to high winds on November 6. In the anchorage, the larger warships normally would have been protected by anti-torpedo nets but many had been removed in anticipation of a pending gunnery exercise. Those that were in place did not extend deep enough to fully protect against the British torpedoes. Fleets Commanders: Royal Navy Admiral Sir Andrew CunninghamRear Admiral Lumley Lyster24 torpedo bombers, 1 aircraft carrier, 2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 4 destroyers Regia Marina Admiral Inigo Campioni6 battleships, 7 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 8 destroyers Planes in the Night Aboard Illustrious, 21 Fairey Swordfish biplane torpedo bombers began taking off on the night of November 11 as Lysters task force moved through the Ionian Sea. Eleven of the planes were armed with torpedoes, while the remainder carried flares and bombs. The British plan called for the planes to attack in two waves. The first wave was assigned targets in both the outer and inner harbors of Taranto. Led by Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Williamson, the first flight departed Illustrious around 9:00 PM on November 11.   The second wave, directed by Lieutenant Commander J. W. Hale, took off approximately 90 minutes later. Approaching the harbor just before 11:00 PM, part of Williamsons flight dropped flares and bombed oil storage tanks while the remainder of the aircraft commenced their attack runs on the 6 battleships, 7 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 8 destroyers in the harbor. These saw the battleship Conte di Cavour hit with a torpedo that caused critical damage while the battleship Littorio also sustained two torpedo strikes. In the course of these attacks, Williamsons Swordfish was downed by fire from  Conte di Cavour. The bomber section of Williamsons flight, led by Captain Oliver Patch, Royal Marines, attacked hitting two cruisers moored in the Mar Piccolo.    Hales flight of nine aircraft, four armed with bombers and five with torpedoes, approached Taranto from the north around midnight.   Dropping flares, the Swordfish endured intense, but ineffective, antiaircraft fire as they began their runs. Two of Hales crews attacked Littorio scoring one torpedo hit while another missed in an attempt on the battleship  Vittorio Veneto.   Another Swordfish succeeded in striking the battleship  Caio Duilio with a torpedo, tearing a large hole in the bow and flooding its forward magazines.   Their ordnance expended, the second flight cleared the harbor and returned to Illustrious. Aftermath In their wake, the 21 Swordfish left Conte di Cavour sunk and the battleships Littorio and Caio Duilio heavily damaged. The latter had been intentionally grounded to prevent its sinking. They also badly damaged a heavy cruiser. British losses were two Swordfish flown by Williamson and Lieutenant Gerald W.L.A. Bayly.   While Williamson and his observer Lieutenant N.J. Scarlett were captured, Bayly and his observer, Lieutenant H.J. Slaughter were killed in action. In one night, the Royal Navy succeeded in halving the Italian battleship fleet and gained a tremendous advantage in the Mediterranean. As a result of the strike, the Italians withdrew the bulk of their fleet farther north to Naples. The Taranto Raid changed many naval experts thoughts regarding air-launched torpedo attacks. Prior to Taranto, many believed that deep water (100 ft.) was needed to successfully drop torpedoes. To compensate for the shallow water of Taranto harbor (40 ft.), the British specially modified their torpedoes and dropped them from very low altitude. This solution, as well as other aspects of the raid, was heavily studied by the Japanese as they planned their attack on Pearl Harbor the following year.

Evaluation Of A Social Or Human Problem Based On Testing A...

2.3.1 Quantitative Research According to Naoum (2013) quantitative research is â€Å"enquiry into a social or human problem based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers and analysed with statistical procedures in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true†(Naoum 2013,p.39). The approach is objective in nature and not abstract. It is associated with tangible, measurable and numerical data that may be analysed to produce conclusive and generalized answer. It is mostly applied when researchers want to prove or disprove a set of hypothesis and when enquiring realities about the theory, query or attributes (Saunders et al. 2012) by using primary collected data (Fellows 2003). Quantitative research is more structured and well defined that allow the researcher to do extensive planning before the actual research starts. In most cases the actual work tends to be consistent with the predetermined research question and conceptual framework (Bell 2014) . This allows for easy forecast of ethical challenge and a plan on how to handle the challenges can be put in place before the actual work begins. It may be carried out by survey, structured interview or observation (Saunders et al. 2012). 2.3.2 Qualitative Research According to Bell (2014) qualitative research are subjective in nature while stressing on understanding principles, experiences and reasons behind certain things happening. They could be also describing scenario orShow MoreRelatedThe Curriculum Design And Development1723 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction At the dawn of technical education two major philosophies emerged. The philosophers behind these theories were quite divergent in their beliefs. 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Foreign Universities Free Essays

I’ve often wondered how best to define education. I’d like to define education as the procurement of those preternatural skills which would enable a person to choose between what is right and what is not. Our Indian system of education since time immemorial has been sailing magnificently on the winds of hope, moral coherence and ethical values with the principal objective of making all of us good human beings as opposed to mere knowledge banks. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Universities or any similar topic only for you Order Now As of today, ‘Indian Education’ is an immaculate melange of our conventional ideals of education, blended with infrastructural and technological boom, catering to the demands of modernization. Over the decades, we’ve produced some very fine men and women. From Swami Vivekananda to Sir C V Raman, from Amartya Sen to Rajendra Pachauri, they’ve all been fine lode stars of our educational system. I’ve never really been a fan of the Western Educational systems. Students there are bestowed with way too much unconditional liberty. They’re treated like empyreal emperors at a time when they should be ordered to shut their PlayStations and take a good look at their school books. There’s too much rationalism in there and very little humanism, which in a sense explains the reason for the rapid moral degradation among a significant number of students in the West. Look at the list of school related criminal attacks worldwide and you’d observe the US perched handsomely at the top. We read almost every week about teen shootouts, teen pregnancies and yet do not wish to speak about them in the open. ‘It’s taboo’. We, Indian students here, atleast under the fear of failure, the fear of humiliation, the fear of corporal punishment are compelled on to the right track as far as our pursuit of educational excellence is concerned. But the very fact that there exists no substantial force which can have similar influences on the students of the West is indeed quite a concern. Another factor working significantly against Western education is its exorbitant cost of education which almost puts it virtually out of reach for many middle class students world over. I know there’s been criticism of our Indian Educational system too. I know there’ve been people cynical of our ‘harsh’ and ‘stern’ methodology of education. But if the drilling exercise is a necessity for intellectual growth, a boon for the nation’s ambitions of having an educated electoral roll, the antidote for illiteracy and ignorance, the quintessential need for individual prosperity, then why not tread that path fearlessly? After all, it is only under pressure that coal turns to diamond. The dominant role of Indian Americans in the US economy is pretty noticeable as well. As of 2008, 4000 PIO professors and 84000 students made their way into US universities and Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs generate whopping revenue of $250 billion every year. Is it not ironical then that the well oiled products of our educational system are largely responsible for the economic boom of a ‘global superpower’? Who’s the Big Daddy now? Is this not tangible testimony of our profound educational prowess? Above all the number crunching and intricate statistics, above all the heated cacophony of debates and discussions, just one phrase rings euphoria and triumph in my mind. Vande Mataram. Nothing else. Thank you. I have just received a list of the top Universities of the world (1) University of Cambridge (2) University of Oxford (3) Harvard University (4) University of California 5) The Stanford University (6) University of Tokyo and it is certainly not a matter of great pride that the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai is ranked 30th and except the IIT’s, not a single university has made to the top 50. it is — p. m and the speed is so fast that you might see another foreign university getting into this list by the time I finish my speech. Today’s topic states â€Å"Should there be an entry of Foreign Educational Institution or University in India† and I stand here firmly opposing the motion. India right now has 487 Universities and 2200 colleges whereas the requirement is 1000 Universities and 35000 Colleges more. So foreign Universities is the only option left. Learning in a Foreign University has a definite advantage in terms of ambience, cultural environment and most of all provides an international mix. For India to become an economic superpower, we first need to become an educational superpower. The number of universities and institutions of higher learning are wholly inadequate to cater to the aspirations of a billion people – unless of course our purpose is to keep large sections of our population out of the education system. Having known different parts of the world and different types of institutions, I can say categorically that as far as the intellect is concerned, we are second to none. How we can overlook the sorry state of our universities and institutions of higher learning. Results are not announced in time. Evaluation is neither objective nor done with any sensitivity. Regulation in education still dates back to the license-permit regime that could do precious little for the country for over five decades.. Our Universities, have failed to impart education in all subject areas. Many new sciences and technologies are never introduced to our students immediately after their inventions. We tend not to care too much for quality, and are pretty complacent about what is acceptable standards. What we lack is a work ethic that nurtures excellence in all its manifestations. The ‘Chalta Hai’ attitude is predominant and the only way to break it is to expose this mindset to global standards. Recently cabinet has approved Foreign Educational Institution Bill 2010. I salute Minister of HRD, Mr. Kapil Sibbal for this revolutionary move towards getting a class education in India. Afterall the bill upon becoming a law is sure to make it more convenient for domestic students to get world class education at their door steps. With this, I rest my case but not my thoughts. Thanks I’ve often wondered how best to define education. I’d like to define education as the procurement of those preternatural skills which would enable a person to choose between what is right and what is not. Our Indian system of education since time immemorial has been sailing magnificently on the winds of hope, moral coherence and ethical values with the principal objective of making all of us good human beings as opposed to mere knowledge banks. Over the decades, we’ve produced some very fine men and women. From Swami Vivekananda to Sir C V Raman, from Amartya Sen to Rajendra Pachauri, they’ve all been fine lode stars of our educational system. I know there’ve been people cynical of our ‘harsh’ and ‘stern’ methodology of education. But if the drilling exercise is a necessity for intellectual growth, then why not tread that path fearlessly? After all, it is only under pressure that coal turns to diamond. Look at the list of school related criminal attacks worldwide and you’d observe the US perched handsomely at the top. The dominant role of Indian Americans in the US economy is pretty noticeable as well. Is it not ironical that the well oiled products of our educational system are largely responsible for the economic boom of a ‘global superpower’? Who’s the Big Daddy now? Is this not tangible testimony of our profound educational prowess? Above all the number crunching and intricate statistics, above all the heated cacophony of debates and discussions, just one phrase rings euphoria and triumph in my mind. Vande Mataram. Nothing else. Thank you. How to cite Foreign Universities, Papers

Leadership Utilizes

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Utilizes. Answer: Leadership Leadership is the art and practice of leading a group people, who are working together as a unit in achieving a common objective or goal. By the term leadership, I get a cohesive and comprehensive understanding of the feature of a leader. A leader is supposed to look at the common goal and objective it undertakes and make sure that that the other members of the unit are aware of the goal and objective. In my view, leadership utilizes the efforts of the other members of the unit in achieving the ultimate goal. According to me, it is necessary for the leader to focus on the strengths and weakness of a member. It is important in leadership to focus on the strength of a member, which it can utilize to realize the goal of the organization. The role of a leader is not only in getting the task done but also depend on how the task is done. As a leader, I would focus on motivation and encourage the members of the unit to maximize their strength by highlighting the various strengths of the mem bers. At the same time, I would underline the necessary weakness of the member and supervise and guide them in reducing the area of deviations. Leadership involves in establishing the vision of the group and scope of activities (Anderson, 2013). I get to learn that leadership involves tackling various challenges and using creativity and innovation to come up with strategies and making effective decisions with active participation from other members of the team. It involves increasing team morale and achieving goals with team work. For example, as a part of a cricket team, I will utilise leadership qualities to arrange a probable playing squad and discuss strategies with them and explain the motive of the team, which is to win cricket matches. I will have to lead the group and guide them. I will motivate them, so that they give their best in the matches they play. Holland's Personality-Job Fit Theory John Holland derived the personality fit theory. According to this theory, I get to learn that the theory is based on the test of the personality of an individual and its effect on organization's efficiency. According to this theory, every individual has a specific personality, and the congruency of the personality with the job role of the organization establishes the success of the organization and the individual. If the individual's goals and objectives match with the goals and objectives of the organization, there is a higher chance of increasing the organization's productivity and efficiency. The congruency also reduces the level of labor turnover and absenteeism (Bush Middlewood, 2013). According to this theory, I observe that there are six distinctive features of personality. They are: Realistic: The traits of such people are shy, and they are practical and hardworking in their task. In my opinion, they value real and practical objects, and they enjoy working with tools and mechanical objects. Conventional: According to my view, people with such personality are efficient and systematic but are not innovate or flexible. They prefer to work in a systematic and planned way. They are not open to innovations and like working in a planned system. Enterprising: I view people with such personality as confident, energetic and ambitious people. They are good in unconventional approach and avoid observation and inference. They thrive in leadership, politics and enterprising roles. Social: Such people, in my opinion, are helpful, friendly, understanding and kind people. They like helping people and solving social issues. Such people like to be teachers, doctors, nurses and social servants. Investigative: According to my view, people with this trait are analytical, probing, and intellectual. They have a scientific outlook. They are good in solving scientific issues and provide solutions. They value science. Artistic: I get to learn that artistic people are imaginative, expressive and original. They value art and craft. They indulge in creative work of art like music, drama, writing and dance. If I find myself helpful and eager to help individuals in the social setting, I would be best deemed to be a teacher, if my interest is in the education sectors. Equity and Fairness Equity and fairness is an integral concept in an organization. I get to understand that the basic rule of equity and fairness. According to this rule, individuals judge equity and fairness by comparing treatment of others who are in the same situation. Individuals make comparison with other in the organization that is in the same position by evaluating and comparing the treatment they get and the treatment the other being compared get. I get to learn that equity and fairness are key elements of the motivation level of an individual. If an individual feels the treatment received is fair and equal, the motivation level is high and vice versa. If I am studying in a university and my classmate gets better responsibilities and accolades in class, I will try to evaluate and compare both of us, to find out if the treatment is just and fair. Since we both are at the same level. Personal characteristic of leadership According to this topic, I get to evaluate the personal traits that are required for a successful leader. For personal feature, a leader needs to be energetic and should be physically strong to carry out the necessary duties. A leader needs to be intelligent, strategic and be competent to take effective decisions. A leader should be independent and have self-confidence and the motivation to lead a group. A leader needs, to be honest and be genuine. In my opinion, a leader needs to be enthusiastic and optimistic to lead by example. He should be cooperative and understand the value of team work. He should be tactful and strategic in leading the group. A leader needs to be responsible for achieving goals, and be sincere in solving issues. A leader needs to have the necessary education and knowledge about management functions and leadership (Fullan, 2014). In order to lead my cricket team and make them successful, I will have to be optimistic, energetic, fore sightedness, tactful and strategic. I need to possess all the leadership qualities to make my team achieve the epitome of success. Five leadership qualities in bring about chang According to this topic, I get to learn about the five leadership styles and qualities that can effectively bring change. One quality and style is bringing about discomfort level and initiating a change in an organization. The other style is about visioning a change and involving people and utilizing their energy to bring about necessary change. The other quality is about evaluating the need and purpose of change and connecting it with the need of the organization, which brings about the change. The other quality is about planning. The leader has to plan the projects, assign deadlines and construct the progress plan for effecting and implementing change (Anderson, 2013). The fifth quality is about designing a framework of actions and planning an effective link between strategy and concept, which would provide the necessary basis for effective change implementation. If my soccer team members get complacent and do not make any improvements and progress, then a leader I will need to make changes in the team structure and game strategies. This will force members to change their approach and move towards a change. Then I have to predict the areas that the team could work on and with team effort I will move towards achieving. Critical strategies are needed to be formed and guidelines for the strategies are needed to ensure success. Universalism and Contingency approach to leadershi Universalism includes the concepts of theology and philosophy along with universal application and ideologies in their approach. It views the organization as a closed system. It includes every people in the organization in their approach. This approach only focuses on the internal structure and elements of the company (Bush Middlewood, 2013). A contingency approach, in my opinion, tends to look at the possibility of future events with no conformed certainty. This approach involves in evaluating the internal and external environment of the organization, which could be bringing about successful implementation of the plans and activities. It involves the factors and the organization as an open system. A contingency approach is effective in enhancing the success of an organization as the strategies and activities are planned and organized according to different situations (Anderson, 2013). Two truths and a lie Two truths and a lie is a method in which two truths and a lie are provided, and people are required to identify the lie that is spoken. It is a classical game and method used in an organization. In my view, the objectives of the method are to identify how judgments are not always precise and correct and how wrong and deviated judgments can lead to adverse results (Dickinson et al. 2013). This method involves members where a speaker presents two truths and one lie. As a part of the game, when the speaker is speaking, the role of other members is to hear and observe the scope of deviation in the statement, which will help them in finding out the lie. It helps in effective evaluation of judgments and statements. For example, I have recently made errors and tactical blunders regarding operations in my shop. I am unsure as to what caused the deviations. I meet a few friends and play this game to see how people perceive and make judgements and how and what makes us make wrong judgements. Team work Team work is the process of uniting the efforts of different individuals who are formed as a group and utilizing their energy in achieving a common goal. According to me, team work is a process in which a collective unit align their objectives with the common objective of the organization to achieve it. This method utilizes the experience and skill of different people in achieving the goal and increasing efficiency (Dickinson et al. 2013). For example, the organization intends to maximise profit and the organization has a pool of talented workers. As a part of the management group, I will put the individuals together in different units based on the skills and the objectives. These unit will be teams and individuals in different teams will work together infusing team work. Change Management Change management is the approach used for bringing about a change in team, organization structure or an individual. This approach uses methodology that changes the purpose of the use of resources and business strategies. It is used to transform or change an organisations operations or approach. It considers the scope and grounds for change in an organisation. It strategically evaluates the areas that are required for change. Change management principles and approach stress on different avenues of the organization that is integral towards the success of the organization. Change Management critically analyses the effect of change in organizations on teams and individuals. It evaluates the implications of different disciplines of life on the change required in organization. For instance, if a specific department in the company is not functioning well, as a part of the management team, I will have to recognize the area of shortcoming. After observing the loopholes, I will plan the amendment and use approaches that management can implement in bringing about the change. The approach will assess the areas needed for change and the effects of the methodology and approach used on the specific area. This is how I will utilize change management. Reference List Anderson, D. L. (2013).Organization Development: The Process of Leading Organizational Change: The Process of Leading Organizational Change. Sage Publications. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bush, T., Middlewood, D. (2013).Leading and managing people in education. Sage. Dickinson, H., Peck, E., Carey, G. (2016).Managing and leading in inter-agency settings. Policy Press. Fullan, M. (2014).Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Gibb, A., Haskins, G., Robertson, I. (2012). Leading the entrepreneurial university: Meeting the entrepreneurial development needs of higher education institutions. InUniversities in change(pp. 9-45). Springer New York. Hrebiniak, L. G. (2013).Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Smits, S. J., Bowden, D. E. (2015). A Perspective on Leading and Managing Organizational Change.Economics and Business Review,1(2), 3-